🚀

💡 Pro tip: This is one of those techniques that will make you look like a data science wizard! Regularization in Machine Learning - Made Simple!

Regularization is a crucial technique in machine learning used to prevent overfitting. Overfitting occurs when a model learns the training data too well, including its noise and peculiarities, leading to poor performance on new, unseen data. Regularization adds a penalty to the model’s loss function, encouraging simpler models that generalize better.

This next part is really neat! Here’s how we can tackle this:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression, Ridge, Lasso

# Generate sample data
np.random.seed(42)
X = np.linspace(0, 10, 100).reshape(-1, 1)
y = 2 * X + 1 + np.random.randn(100, 1) * 2

# Fit models
lr = LinearRegression().fit(X, y)
ridge = Ridge(alpha=1.0).fit(X, y)
lasso = Lasso(alpha=0.1).fit(X, y)

# Plot results
plt.scatter(X, y, color='blue', label='Data')
plt.plot(X, lr.predict(X), color='red', label='Linear Regression')
plt.plot(X, ridge.predict(X), color='green', label='Ridge')
plt.plot(X, lasso.predict(X), color='orange', label='Lasso')
plt.legend()
plt.title('Regularization Comparison')
plt.show()

🚀

🎉 You’re doing great! This concept might seem tricky at first, but you’ve got this! Understanding Overfitting - Made Simple!

Overfitting is a common problem in machine learning where a model learns to fit the training data too closely, capturing noise and random fluctuations rather than the underlying pattern. This results in poor generalization to new, unseen data.

Ready for some cool stuff? Here’s how we can tackle this:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.preprocessing import PolynomialFeatures
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression

# Generate sample data
np.random.seed(0)
X = np.sort(np.random.rand(20, 1), axis=0)
y = np.sin(2 * np.pi * X).ravel() + np.random.randn(20) * 0.1

# Create and fit models
X_test = np.linspace(0, 1, 100).reshape(-1, 1)
plt.figure(figsize=(12, 4))

for i, degree in enumerate([1, 3, 15]):
    plt.subplot(1, 3, i + 1)
    poly_features = PolynomialFeatures(degree=degree, include_bias=False)
    X_poly = poly_features.fit_transform(X)
    model = LinearRegression().fit(X_poly, y)
    y_poly = model.predict(poly_features.transform(X_test))
    
    plt.scatter(X, y, color='blue', label='Training data')
    plt.plot(X_test, y_poly, color='red', label=f'Degree {degree}')
    plt.title(f'Polynomial Degree {degree}')
    plt.legend()

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

🚀

✨ Cool fact: Many professional data scientists use this exact approach in their daily work! Introduction to Regularization - Made Simple!

Regularization is a technique used to prevent overfitting by adding a penalty term to the model’s loss function. This penalty encourages simpler models by constraining the model’s parameters. The most common types of regularization are L1 (Lasso) and L2 (Ridge) regularization.

Here’s where it gets exciting! Here’s how we can tackle this:

import numpy as np
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression, Ridge, Lasso
from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

# Generate sample data
np.random.seed(42)
X = np.random.randn(100, 20)
y = X[:, 0] + 2 * X[:, 1] + np.random.randn(100) * 0.1

# Split data
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)

# Train models
lr = LinearRegression().fit(X_train, y_train)
ridge = Ridge(alpha=1.0).fit(X_train, y_train)
lasso = Lasso(alpha=0.1).fit(X_train, y_train)

# Evaluate models
models = [lr, ridge, lasso]
names = ['Linear Regression', 'Ridge', 'Lasso']

for name, model in zip(names, models):
    train_mse = mean_squared_error(y_train, model.predict(X_train))
    test_mse = mean_squared_error(y_test, model.predict(X_test))
    print(f"{name}: Train MSE: {train_mse:.4f}, Test MSE: {test_mse:.4f}")

🚀

🔥 Level up: Once you master this, you’ll be solving problems like a pro! L2 Regularization (Ridge) - Made Simple!

Ridge regression, also known as L2 regularization, adds a penalty term to the loss function based on the sum of squared coefficients. This encourages smaller and more balanced weights across all features, making it effective for handling multicollinearity.

Let’s break this down together! Here’s how we can tackle this:

import numpy as np
from sklearn.linear_model import Ridge
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error

# Generate sample data
np.random.seed(42)
X = np.random.randn(1000, 50)
true_weights = np.random.randn(50) * 0.5
y = X.dot(true_weights) + np.random.randn(1000) * 0.1

# Split and scale data
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)
scaler = StandardScaler()
X_train_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(X_train)
X_test_scaled = scaler.transform(X_test)

# Train Ridge models with different alpha values
alphas = [0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100]
for alpha in alphas:
    ridge = Ridge(alpha=alpha)
    ridge.fit(X_train_scaled, y_train)
    train_mse = mean_squared_error(y_train, ridge.predict(X_train_scaled))
    test_mse = mean_squared_error(y_test, ridge.predict(X_test_scaled))
    print(f"Alpha: {alpha}, Train MSE: {train_mse:.4f}, Test MSE: {test_mse:.4f}")

# Plot coefficient values for different alphas
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 6))
for alpha in alphas:
    ridge = Ridge(alpha=alpha)
    ridge.fit(X_train_scaled, y_train)
    plt.plot(range(50), ridge.coef_, label=f'Alpha: {alpha}')

plt.xlabel('Feature Index')
plt.ylabel('Coefficient Value')
plt.title('Ridge Regression Coefficients for Different Alpha Values')
plt.legend()
plt.show()

🚀 L1 Regularization (Lasso) - Made Simple!

Lasso regression, or L1 regularization, adds a penalty term based on the sum of absolute coefficient values. This encourages sparsity by driving some coefficients to exactly zero, effectively performing feature selection. Lasso is particularly useful for high-dimensional datasets with many irrelevant features.

Let’s make this super clear! Here’s how we can tackle this:

import numpy as np
from sklearn.linear_model import Lasso
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error

# Generate sample data
np.random.seed(42)
X = np.random.randn(1000, 100)
true_weights = np.zeros(100)
true_weights[:10] = np.random.randn(10)
y = X.dot(true_weights) + np.random.randn(1000) * 0.1

# Split and scale data
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)
scaler = StandardScaler()
X_train_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(X_train)
X_test_scaled = scaler.transform(X_test)

# Train Lasso models with different alpha values
alphas = [0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10]
for alpha in alphas:
    lasso = Lasso(alpha=alpha)
    lasso.fit(X_train_scaled, y_train)
    train_mse = mean_squared_error(y_train, lasso.predict(X_train_scaled))
    test_mse = mean_squared_error(y_test, lasso.predict(X_test_scaled))
    non_zero_coefs = np.sum(lasso.coef_ != 0)
    print(f"Alpha: {alpha}, Train MSE: {train_mse:.4f}, Test MSE: {test_mse:.4f}, Non-zero coefficients: {non_zero_coefs}")

# Plot coefficient values for different alphas
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 6))
for alpha in alphas:
    lasso = Lasso(alpha=alpha)
    lasso.fit(X_train_scaled, y_train)
    plt.plot(range(100), lasso.coef_, label=f'Alpha: {alpha}')

plt.xlabel('Feature Index')
plt.ylabel('Coefficient Value')
plt.title('Lasso Regression Coefficients for Different Alpha Values')
plt.legend()
plt.show()

🚀 Elastic Net Regularization - Made Simple!

Elastic Net combines L1 and L2 penalties, balancing feature selection and handling correlated features. It’s useful for datasets with many features and multicollinearity, offering a compromise between Lasso and Ridge regression.

Ready for some cool stuff? Here’s how we can tackle this:

import numpy as np
from sklearn.linear_model import ElasticNet
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error

# Generate sample data
np.random.seed(42)
X = np.random.randn(1000, 100)
true_weights = np.zeros(100)
true_weights[:20] = np.random.randn(20)
y = X.dot(true_weights) + np.random.randn(1000) * 0.1

# Split and scale data
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)
scaler = StandardScaler()
X_train_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(X_train)
X_test_scaled = scaler.transform(X_test)

# Train Elastic Net models with different l1_ratio values
alphas = [0.1, 1, 10]
l1_ratios = [0.1, 0.5, 0.9]

for alpha in alphas:
    for l1_ratio in l1_ratios:
        elastic_net = ElasticNet(alpha=alpha, l1_ratio=l1_ratio)
        elastic_net.fit(X_train_scaled, y_train)
        train_mse = mean_squared_error(y_train, elastic_net.predict(X_train_scaled))
        test_mse = mean_squared_error(y_test, elastic_net.predict(X_test_scaled))
        non_zero_coefs = np.sum(elastic_net.coef_ != 0)
        print(f"Alpha: {alpha}, L1 ratio: {l1_ratio}, Train MSE: {train_mse:.4f}, Test MSE: {test_mse:.4f}, Non-zero coefficients: {non_zero_coefs}")

# Plot coefficient values for different l1_ratio values
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 6))
alpha = 1.0
for l1_ratio in l1_ratios:
    elastic_net = ElasticNet(alpha=alpha, l1_ratio=l1_ratio)
    elastic_net.fit(X_train_scaled, y_train)
    plt.plot(range(100), elastic_net.coef_, label=f'L1 ratio: {l1_ratio}')

plt.xlabel('Feature Index')
plt.ylabel('Coefficient Value')
plt.title('Elastic Net Coefficients for Different L1 Ratios (Alpha = 1.0)')
plt.legend()
plt.show()

🚀 Regularization in Neural Networks - Made Simple!

Regularization techniques are also crucial in deep learning to prevent overfitting. Common methods include L1/L2 regularization, dropout, and early stopping. Here’s an example of implementing L2 regularization in a neural network using TensorFlow and Keras.

This next part is really neat! Here’s how we can tackle this:

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.keras.models import Sequential
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Dense
from tensorflow.keras.regularizers import l2
from sklearn.datasets import make_classification
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

# Generate sample data
X, y = make_classification(n_samples=1000, n_features=20, n_informative=10, n_classes=2, random_state=42)
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)

# Define model with L2 regularization
def create_model(l2_lambda):
    model = Sequential([
        Dense(64, activation='relu', kernel_regularizer=l2(l2_lambda), input_shape=(20,)),
        Dense(32, activation='relu', kernel_regularizer=l2(l2_lambda)),
        Dense(1, activation='sigmoid')
    ])
    model.compile(optimizer='adam', loss='binary_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy'])
    return model

# Train models with different L2 lambda values
l2_lambdas = [0, 0.01, 0.1]
for l2_lambda in l2_lambdas:
    model = create_model(l2_lambda)
    history = model.fit(X_train, y_train, epochs=100, batch_size=32, validation_split=0.2, verbose=0)
    
    train_loss, train_acc = model.evaluate(X_train, y_train, verbose=0)
    test_loss, test_acc = model.evaluate(X_test, y_test, verbose=0)
    
    print(f"L2 lambda: {l2_lambda}")
    print(f"Train accuracy: {train_acc:.4f}, Test accuracy: {test_acc:.4f}")
    print(f"Train loss: {train_loss:.4f}, Test loss: {test_loss:.4f}")
    print()

# Plot training history for different L2 lambda values
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 4))
for i, l2_lambda in enumerate(l2_lambdas):
    model = create_model(l2_lambda)
    history = model.fit(X_train, y_train, epochs=100, batch_size=32, validation_split=0.2, verbose=0)
    
    plt.subplot(1, 3, i+1)
    plt.plot(history.history['loss'], label='Train Loss')
    plt.plot(history.history['val_loss'], label='Validation Loss')
    plt.title(f'L2 Lambda: {l2_lambda}')
    plt.xlabel('Epoch')
    plt.ylabel('Loss')
    plt.legend()

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

🚀 Cross-validation for Hyperparameter Tuning - Made Simple!

Cross-validation is essential for finding the best regularization strength. It helps prevent overfitting to the validation set and provides a more reliable estimate of model performance. Here’s an example using scikit-learn’s GridSearchCV to find the best alpha value for Ridge regression.

Here’s where it gets exciting! Here’s how we can tackle this:

import numpy as np
from sklearn.linear_model import Ridge
from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV
from sklearn.datasets import make_regression
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler

# Generate sample data
X, y = make_regression(n_samples=100, n_features=20, noise=0.1, random_state=42)
scaler = StandardScaler()
X_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(X)

# Define parameter grid
param_grid = {'alpha': [0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100]}

# Create Ridge model
ridge = Ridge()

# Perform grid search with cross-validation
grid_search = GridSearchCV(ridge, param_grid, cv=5, scoring='neg_mean_squared_error')
grid_search.fit(X_scaled, y)

# Print results
print("Best parameters:", grid_search.best_params_)
print("Best cross-validation score:", -grid_search.best_score_)

# Train final model with best parameters
best_ridge = Ridge(alpha=grid_search.best_params_['alpha'])
best_ridge.fit(X_scaled, y)

# Print coefficients of the best model
print("Number of non-zero coefficients:", np.sum(best_ridge.coef_ != 0))

🚀 Regularization in Decision Trees - Made Simple!

Decision trees can also benefit from regularization to prevent overfitting. Common techniques include limiting tree depth, setting a minimum number of samples per leaf, and pruning. Here’s an example using scikit-learn’s DecisionTreeRegressor with different regularization parameters.

Here’s a handy trick you’ll love! Here’s how we can tackle this:

from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeRegressor
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Generate sample data
np.random.seed(42)
X = np.sort(5 * np.random.rand(80, 1), axis=0)
y = np.sin(X).ravel() + np.random.normal(0, 0.1, X.shape[0])

# Split data
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)

# Train decision trees with different max_depth values
max_depths = [2, 5, 10, None]
X_plot = np.linspace(0, 5, 100).reshape(-1, 1)

plt.figure(figsize=(14, 4))
for i, max_depth in enumerate(max_depths):
    regressor = DecisionTreeRegressor(max_depth=max_depth, random_state=42)
    regressor.fit(X_train, y_train)
    
    y_pred_train = regressor.predict(X_train)
    y_pred_test = regressor.predict(X_test)
    mse_train = mean_squared_error(y_train, y_pred_train)
    mse_test = mean_squared_error(y_test, y_pred_test)
    
    plt.subplot(1, 4, i + 1)
    plt.scatter(X, y, s=20, edgecolor="black", c="darkorange", label="data")
    plt.plot(X_plot, regressor.predict(X_plot), color="cornflowerblue", label="prediction", linewidth=2)
    plt.xlabel("data")
    plt.ylabel("target")
    plt.title(f"max_depth={max_depth}\nMSE train: {mse_train:.2f}, test: {mse_test:.2f}")
    plt.legend()

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

🚀 Early Stopping - Made Simple!

Early stopping is a form of regularization that prevents overfitting by stopping the training process when the model’s performance on a validation set starts to degrade. This cool method is particularly useful in iterative learning algorithms like neural networks and gradient boosting.

Let me walk you through this step by step! Here’s how we can tackle this:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
from tensorflow.keras.models import Sequential
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Dense
from tensorflow.keras.callbacks import EarlyStopping

# Generate sample data
np.random.seed(42)
X = np.random.randn(1000, 20)
y = 2 * X[:, 0] + 3 * X[:, 1] - X[:, 2] + np.random.randn(1000) * 0.1

# Split and scale data
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)
scaler = StandardScaler()
X_train_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(X_train)
X_test_scaled = scaler.transform(X_test)

# Create model
model = Sequential([
    Dense(64, activation='relu', input_shape=(20,)),
    Dense(32, activation='relu'),
    Dense(1)
])
model.compile(optimizer='adam', loss='mse')

# Define early stopping callback
early_stopping = EarlyStopping(monitor='val_loss', patience=10, restore_best_weights=True)

# Train model
history = model.fit(X_train_scaled, y_train, epochs=200, batch_size=32, 
                    validation_split=0.2, callbacks=[early_stopping], verbose=0)

# Plot training history
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6))
plt.plot(history.history['loss'], label='Training Loss')
plt.plot(history.history['val_loss'], label='Validation Loss')
plt.axvline(x=early_stopping.stopped_epoch, color='r', linestyle='--', label='Early Stopping Point')
plt.xlabel('Epoch')
plt.ylabel('Mean Squared Error')
plt.title('Training History with Early Stopping')
plt.legend()
plt.show()

print(f"Training stopped at epoch {early_stopping.stopped_epoch}")

🚀 Dropout Regularization - Made Simple!

Dropout is a powerful regularization technique commonly used in neural networks. It randomly “drops out” a proportion of neurons during training, which helps prevent overfitting by reducing complex co-adaptations between neurons.

Here’s a handy trick you’ll love! Here’s how we can tackle this:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
from tensorflow.keras.models import Sequential
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Dense, Dropout
from tensorflow.keras.optimizers import Adam

# Generate sample data
np.random.seed(42)
X = np.random.randn(1000, 20)
y = 2 * X[:, 0] + 3 * X[:, 1] - X[:, 2] + np.random.randn(1000) * 0.1

# Split and scale data
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)
scaler = StandardScaler()
X_train_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(X_train)
X_test_scaled = scaler.transform(X_test)

# Create models with and without dropout
def create_model(use_dropout=False):
    model = Sequential([
        Dense(64, activation='relu', input_shape=(20,)),
        Dropout(0.5) if use_dropout else Dense(64, activation='relu'),
        Dense(32, activation='relu'),
        Dropout(0.3) if use_dropout else Dense(32, activation='relu'),
        Dense(1)
    ])
    model.compile(optimizer=Adam(learning_rate=0.001), loss='mse')
    return model

# Train models
model_without_dropout = create_model(use_dropout=False)
history_without_dropout = model_without_dropout.fit(X_train_scaled, y_train, epochs=100, 
                                                    batch_size=32, validation_split=0.2, verbose=0)

model_with_dropout = create_model(use_dropout=True)
history_with_dropout = model_with_dropout.fit(X_train_scaled, y_train, epochs=100, 
                                              batch_size=32, validation_split=0.2, verbose=0)

# Plot training history
plt.figure(figsize=(12, 6))
plt.plot(history_without_dropout.history['loss'], label='Without Dropout - Training')
plt.plot(history_without_dropout.history['val_loss'], label='Without Dropout - Validation')
plt.plot(history_with_dropout.history['loss'], label='With Dropout - Training')
plt.plot(history_with_dropout.history['val_loss'], label='With Dropout - Validation')
plt.xlabel('Epoch')
plt.ylabel('Mean Squared Error')
plt.title('Training History: With vs Without Dropout')
plt.legend()
plt.show()

🚀 Regularization in Practice: Image Classification - Made Simple!

Let’s apply regularization techniques to a real-world problem: image classification. We’ll use a convolutional neural network (CNN) with L2 regularization and dropout to classify images from the CIFAR-10 dataset.

Ready for some cool stuff? Here’s how we can tackle this:

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.keras import layers, models, regularizers
from tensorflow.keras.datasets import cifar10

# Load and preprocess data
(train_images, train_labels), (test_images, test_labels) = cifar10.load_data()
train_images, test_images = train_images / 255.0, test_images / 255.0

# Create CNN model with regularization
def create_cnn_model(l2_lambda=0.01, dropout_rate=0.5):
    model = models.Sequential([
        layers.Conv2D(32, (3, 3), activation='relu', kernel_regularizer=regularizers.l2(l2_lambda), input_shape=(32, 32, 3)),
        layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2)),
        layers.Conv2D(64, (3, 3), activation='relu', kernel_regularizer=regularizers.l2(l2_lambda)),
        layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2)),
        layers.Conv2D(64, (3, 3), activation='relu', kernel_regularizer=regularizers.l2(l2_lambda)),
        layers.Flatten(),
        layers.Dense(64, activation='relu', kernel_regularizer=regularizers.l2(l2_lambda)),
        layers.Dropout(dropout_rate),
        layers.Dense(10)
    ])
    model.compile(optimizer='adam',
                  loss=tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=True),
                  metrics=['accuracy'])
    return model

# Train model
model = create_cnn_model()
history = model.fit(train_images, train_labels, epochs=10, 
                    validation_data=(test_images, test_labels))

# Evaluate model
test_loss, test_acc = model.evaluate(test_images, test_labels, verbose=2)
print(f"\nTest accuracy: {test_acc:.4f}")

# Plot training history
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 4))
plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
plt.plot(history.history['accuracy'], label='Training Accuracy')
plt.plot(history.history['val_accuracy'], label='Validation Accuracy')
plt.title('Model Accuracy')
plt.xlabel('Epoch')
plt.ylabel('Accuracy')
plt.legend()

plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
plt.plot(history.history['loss'], label='Training Loss')
plt.plot(history.history['val_loss'], label='Validation Loss')
plt.title('Model Loss')
plt.xlabel('Epoch')
plt.ylabel('Loss')
plt.legend()

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

🚀 Regularization in Natural Language Processing - Made Simple!

Regularization is crucial in NLP tasks, especially when dealing with large vocabularies and complex models. Here’s an example of using L2 regularization and dropout in a simple text classification task using TensorFlow and Keras.

Let’s break this down together! Here’s how we can tackle this:

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Embedding, GlobalAveragePooling1D, Dense, Dropout
from tensorflow.keras.models import Sequential
from tensorflow.keras.regularizers import l2
from tensorflow.keras.datasets import imdb
from tensorflow.keras.preprocessing.sequence import pad_sequences

# Load and preprocess data
max_features = 10000
maxlen = 200

(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = imdb.load_data(num_words=max_features)
x_train = pad_sequences(x_train, maxlen=maxlen)
x_test = pad_sequences(x_test, maxlen=maxlen)

# Create model with regularization
def create_model(l2_lambda=0.01, dropout_rate=0.5):
    model = Sequential([
        Embedding(max_features, 128, input_length=maxlen),
        GlobalAveragePooling1D(),
        Dense(64, activation='relu', kernel_regularizer=l2(l2_lambda)),
        Dropout(dropout_rate),
        Dense(1, activation='sigmoid')
    ])
    model.compile(optimizer='adam', loss='binary_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy'])
    return model

# Train model
model = create_model()
history = model.fit(x_train, y_train, epochs=10, batch_size=32, 
                    validation_split=0.2, verbose=1)

# Evaluate model
test_loss, test_acc = model.evaluate(x_test, y_test, verbose=0)
print(f"\nTest accuracy: {test_acc:.4f}")

# Plot training history
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 4))
plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
plt.plot(history.history['accuracy'], label='Training Accuracy')
plt.plot(history.history['val_accuracy'], label='Validation Accuracy')
plt.title('Model Accuracy')
plt.xlabel('Epoch')
plt.ylabel('Accuracy')
plt.legend()

plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
plt.plot(history.history['loss'], label='Training Loss')
plt.plot(history.history['val_loss'], label='Validation Loss')
plt.title('Model Loss')
plt.xlabel('Epoch')
plt.ylabel('Loss')
plt.legend()

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

🚀 Additional Resources - Made Simple!

For more information on regularization techniques in machine learning, consider exploring the following resources:

1. “Regularization for Machine Learning: An Overview” by Girish Kaushik ArXiv link: https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.10747
2. “A Survey of Deep Learning Techniques for Neural Machine Translation” by Shuohang Wang and Jing Jiang ArXiv link: https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.09849
3. “An Overview of Regularization Techniques in Deep Learning” by Prakash Chandra Chhipa ArXiv link: https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.10566

These papers provide in-depth discussions on various regularization techniques and their applications in different domains of machine learning and deep learning.

🎊 Awesome Work!

You’ve just learned some really powerful techniques! Don’t worry if everything doesn’t click immediately - that’s totally normal. The best way to master these concepts is to practice with your own data.

What’s next? Try implementing these examples with your own datasets. Start small, experiment, and most importantly, have fun with it! Remember, every data science expert started exactly where you are right now.

Keep coding, keep learning, and keep being awesome! 🚀